libstdc++: Fix missing members in std::allocator<void>

The changes in 75c6a925 were slightly
incorrect, because the converting constructor should be noexcept, and
the POCMA and is_always_equal traits should still be present in C++20.
This fixes it, and slightly refactors the preprocessor conditions and
order of members. Also add comments explaining things.

The non-standard construct and destroy members added for PR 78052 can be
private if allocator_traits<allocator<void>> is made a friend.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	* include/bits/allocator.h (allocator<void>) [C++20]: Add
	missing noexcept to constructor. Restore missing POCMA and
	is_always_equal_traits.
	[C++17]: Make construct and destroy members private and
	declare allocator_traits as a friend.
	* include/bits/memoryfwd.h (allocator_traits): Declare.
	* include/ext/malloc_allocator.h (malloc_allocator::allocate):
	Add nodiscard attribute. Add static assertion for LWG 3307.
	* include/ext/new_allocator.h (new_allocator::allocate): Add
	static assertion for LWG 3307.
	* testsuite/20_util/allocator/void.cc: Check that converting
	constructor is noexcept. Check for propagation traits and
	size_type and difference_type. Check that pointer and
	const_pointer are gone in C++20.