libstdc++: Do not use deduced return type for std::visit [PR 100384]

This avoids errors outside the immediate context when std::visit is an
overload candidate because of ADL, but not actually viable.

The solution is to give std::visit a non-deduced return type. New
helpers are introduced for that, and existing ones refactored slightly.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	PR libstdc++/100384
	* include/std/variant (__get_t): New alias template yielding the
	return type of std::get<N> on a variant.
	(__visit_result_t): New alias template yielding the result of
	std::visit.
	(__same_types): Move into namespace __detail::__variant.
	(__check_visitor_results): Likewise. Use __invoke_result_t and
	__get_t.
	(__check_visitor_result): Remove.
	(visit): Use __visit_result_t for return type.
	* testsuite/20_util/variant/100384.cc: New test.